VR risks for kids and teens

Virtual reality (VR) headsets are growing in popularity and might be at the top of your child’s holiday wish list this year. It makes sense – they can be pretty neat, and Meta, the company selling the most VR headsets, recently lowered the recommended age in a push to expand to younger users.

As a part of our annual Trouble in Toyland report, PIRG tested both Meta’s newest VR headset, the Quest 3, and its new junior accounts for kids ages 10 – 12. We found junior accounts increase parental controls, but are far from a perfect solution for the range of potential problems VR can pose for kids and teens.

The child health experts we spoke to recommend parents approach VR using the precautionary principle: don’t use it until we know it’s safe for developing brains, and Meta (formerly Facebook) proves we can trust it with our children and teens.

What is VR?

VR stands for “virtual reality”. Putting on a wearable console system allows you to see and interact with a 360-degree computer-generated world. Put on a headset and you’re completely surrounded by whatever virtual content you load up, including surround sound. To look at a virtual sky, you look up. If someone shoots a gun 3 feet to your right, it sounds like it went off right next to you.

Everything in VR feels a lot more real and more intense than on 2-D screens.

What is the Meta Quest?

Meta – the company formerly known as Facebook and currently the biggest VR seller – last month released its latest model of VR headset, the Quest 3 (currently selling at $499.99). The company recently changed the headset branding from Oculus to Quest.

PIRG campaign director R.J. Cross demonstrates the Meta Quest 3.Photo by Tim O'Connor | TPIN

Meta has two other models of VR Quest headset available for purchase: the Quest 2 (released in 2020, currently $299.99), and the professional grade Quest Pro Mixed-Reality headset (currently $999.99). You can also buy refurbished Quest 2 headsets at a discount.

Meta’s Quest app store lets you buy, download and use third-party apps and games with your VR headset. You can play 3-D golf or ping pong, fight a sword or light saber battle, get in a bar fight, ride along on the Apollo 11 mission, power wash a house or shoot a sniper rifle as a World War II soldier. You can play by yourself or with others, and use your microphone to have conversations with other players.

VR can definitely be entertaining. Early studies have shown it can even have therapeutic benefits, such as helping people with phobias do exposure therapy virtually. The technology, however, comes with many unknowns. The child health experts we spoke with recommend avoiding VR altogether right now.

Meta is pushing its VR for younger users

Meta has taken multiple steps this year to get more kids using its Quest headsets, despite concerns raised by child health experts and lawmakers.

In April 2023, Meta announced it was lowering the age for Horizon Worlds – Meta’s primary VR social app – from 17 down to 13. Then 2 months later, Meta announced it was lowering the recommended age for its headsets from 13 down to 10, shortly after announcing it would later this year release the new Quest 3 headset in time for the holidays.

Meta’s Quest headsets have yet to gain widespread traction, and its moves to get more children onto its VR platform come at a time when the company’s business practices and effects on young users have come under intense scrutiny.

Read: I deleted my Instagram as a teenager – here’s why

Meta’s VR youth expansion efforts have been met with pushback. Senators Ed Markey and Richard Blumenthal wrote a letter and more than 70 advocacy groups and child health experts sent a petition requesting Meta not lower the age for its Horizon Worlds app. As of this writing, Meta has declined to change its policy and has kept Horizon Worlds accessible to anyone 13 and over.

The risks of VR and Meta Quest for kids and teens

Virtual reality, like all technology, is a tool. And this tool is very, very new. 

“At the risk of sounding cliche, it really is like the wild west,” Dr. Brett P. Kennedy, a children’s clinical psychologist and co-director of Digital Media Treatment & Education Center said in an interview with PIRG. 

“We know there are potentially big impacts on kids and teens,” said Dr. Mark Bertin, developmental pediatrician and Assistant Professor of Pediatrics at New York Medical College told us.

“The amount of technology in our children’s lives is already impacting their mental health,” Dr. Bertin said. “Introducing yet another piece of technology – especially one as novel and engaging as virtual reality – could have real ramifications for the development of long-term social-emotional well being, cognitive skills like focus, and for regulating behavior in general. 

Until we know more, it just isn’t worth the risk right now,” he added.

We’ve found 6 main reasons for caution:

1. We know VR can affect the brain – we just don’t fully understand how

There’s not that much research about VR yet, but what’s out there shows we need a lot more studies when it comes to VR and the brain. 

For example, in a 2019 interview, UCLA researcher Dr. Mayank Mehta recounted a study he did scanning the brains of rats as they used VR. The rats’ brains behaved in really unexpected ways: 60% of the neurons in the hippocampus – a part central to navigating our surroundings – “simply shut down in virtual reality”, and the other 40% of the neurons seemed to fire randomly. Though not conclusive, this result suggests using VR can trigger abnormal brain function. This could possibly cause the brain to rewire itself in unpredictable or even harmful ways.

Professor Mehta emphasized his study did not conclude anything definitively, either good or bad. But he added that “the long-term consequences are really hard to measure in the human brain because humans age very slowly.” 

“We can’t wait for 40 years, for teenagers who are today using virtual reality to see what happens to them when they’re 60,” Professor Mehta added.

2. VR headsets have data privacy risks, and practically no laws regulating how companies use player data.

VR headsets collect a lot of data, ranging from information we’re used to technology gathering – such as our email addresses – to new kinds of sensitive data that previous technologies have not been capable of gathering, such as our eye or body movements. Equipped with sensors, microphones and cameras, VR headsets can gather extensive amounts of data in very little time. Just 20 minutes using a VR headset generates about 2 million unique recordings of a user’s body language. 

The World Economic Forum offers a hypothetical of how this VR data could be abused: 

Say the developer of a free VR maze game collects data on how players move their body and how efficiently they solve the maze. An insurance company buys this data from the app developer and analyzes the data of a player that just applied for a life insurance policy. It finds that the player’s movements match patterns of people with very early stages of dementia, and denies the player’s insurance application. The player had no idea that data was being collected when he played the maze game, let alone that it would be sold to an insurance company and used to make a decision about his policy.

“This is a hypothetical situation,” the World Economic Forum writes. “But the science of using movements tracked in VR to predict dementia, and the technology to do so, are very real. Currently, there are no standards or regulations as to how this data is collected, used or shared.”

Meta Quest headsets can collect a lot of data about you

All editions of the Meta Quest headsets include microphones and cameras. These features help bring VR to life, but they also enable a lot of data collection.

Audio and visual data

Data collected by the Quest headsets can include voice recordings or background sounds in your home. As the privacy notice says: “Depending on where you use Voice Commands, the microphone may pick up other sounds in the immediate area beyond your voice – including ambient noise or nearby background conversations.”

Read: How to read a privacy policy

The Quest 3 in particular can gather lots of  visual data. This newest version is designed for better mixed reality use – meaning it overlays a virtual element onto your physical space, like showing an alien sitting on your couch. To do this, the headset needs to gather data like the dimensions of your room and the placement of your furniture. If misused, that information can communicate a lot about your family such as where you shop and how much money your family has.

The Meta Quest 3 headset has 6 external facing cameras, 4 of which you can see here.Photo by PIRG staff | TPIN

Sensitive movement data

Quest’s cameras and sensors gather movement data about you, like your headset’s position and orientation and how you move the hand controllers. This allows it to simulate your movements virtually, translating your actual body movements to allow your avatar to move the same way in the virtual world.

Movement data can be very revealing. For example, researchers in a 2023 UC Berkeley study were able to identify a single person out of a database of more than 50,000 people, with 94% accuracy, using only 100 seconds of an individual’s head and hand motion data collected using Meta’s VR game Beat Saber. The study concludes that using VR motion data could identify people as accurately as fingerprints do.

A different 2023 UC Berkeley study found that with just a few minutes of a movement data collected through a VR escape room game, researchers could infer a player’s geolocation, their age, relative physical fitness level and physical or mental disabilities. As the researchers point out, malicious actors could easily set up an innocent looking VR game to harvest data. Because of the immersiveness of VR games, it would also be easy for a game’s design to encourage players to take certain actions in order to gather better data about, say, their reaction time or size of the player’s room.

With little to no regulation around how companies can collect and use biometric and movement data, parents may want to be aware of the sensitivity of VR-generated data before bringing a system home. PIRG is working to get better protections on the books. 

Third-party apps may gather excessive data about you or your child

Apps on your phone or tablet are notorious for collecting lots of unnecessary data, including data about children. Apps available in Meta’s VR app store can collect a lot, too.  

For example, the free and popular VR app Rec Room, which we tested, states in its privacy policy it may collect “your first, middle and last name, email address, username, mailing address, Social Security number or employer identification number, telephone number, IP address, or display name” among other things.

In order to know what a VR app is gathering on you or your child, you need to review its privacy policy – and each app will have its own fine print. Each app will also likely have its own settings which may default to gathering more information than is really necessary. You’ll want to check the settings on every app your child uses.

Read: How to read a smart toy’s privacy policy

Whenever apps gather excessive information from us and sell or share it with other companies, it increases the odds our data will be exposed in a breach or a hack and end up in the wrong hands. This can pose immediate safety concerns if your child’s location data is exposed. It can also increase the odds your family will be the victim of scams, fraud or identity theft if information like email addresses, birthdates or voice recordings get leaked. With more sophisticated ‘deepfake’ voice scams on the rise, companies collecting, storing and using voice data is only getting more dangerous.

Other users can collect data about you – and your child – in multiplayer apps on Quest

Some apps allow users to take screenshots and recordings of virtual spaces and save them to their account for private viewing or later sharing. This means your avatar and voice may appear in other people’s screenshots or recordings. 

This is true even if you have the highest privacy settings, and is true even for the youngest children’s accounts, for ages 10 – 12.

3. VR feels more real and more intense, making physical and emotional reactions to content stronger.

One of the biggest draws of VR is just how immersive the experience is compared to 2-D. VR feels so real it’s even being used for exposure therapy for people with phobias. But the power of VR’s realness is exactly why its use for commercialized entertainment – especially for minors – raises concerns.

“If it feels that real, how you use it really matters,” clinical child psychologist Dr. Kennedy said in an interview with PIRG. “While the experience in VR can feel amazing, the negative physical and emotional consequences can be significant and shouldn’t be overlooked.”

As Meta puts it, users may react to VR experiences “as if it were happening in the physical world.” 

Meta’s own warning about the intensity of VR content in its health and safety guide.Photo by PIRG staff | TPIN

Research suggests 3-D VR content impacts both a player’s physiology and emotional state in bigger ways than typical content. A 2021 study found that those playing a game in VR reported stronger negative emotions than participants who played the exact same game on a laptop’s 2-D screen. The VR users’ negative emotions lingered throughout the day, well after use.

Meta emphasizes that younger children may have more “intense reactions to virtual content and may have a more difficult time distinguishing virtual content from the physical world, even after they stop use.”

4. Meta blends VR gaming and social media, increasing risks of negative interactions with strangers online.

Meta’s VR Quest platform builds off the company’s history and expertise as a social media company. As CEO Zuckerberg explained in a 2021 interview, from the very outset the company saw its VR being “about social connection more than it’s about whatever the technology is.” Providing social experiences is “really where our bread and butter as a company is,” said Zuckerberg.

Similar to Facebook or Instagram, people can “friend” your Meta Quest account, and the Quest sign-up process includes a nudge to link your Facebook or Instagram account to your VR.

All of the most popular games in Meta Quest’s app store that are free to download are also multiplayer (as of early November 2023). Most of these games are open worlds that put a heavy emphasis on interactions with others, allowing players to “friend” or “follow” others, and use chat or microphone features to have real-time conversations. This includes Meta’s social VR app, Horizon Worlds.

Social interaction online can be a positive thing. However, when it comes to kids, VR social interactions can be more intense. In our testing we found that negative social interactions with others in popular VR spaces are not uncommon. Other researchers have had more extreme negative encounters such as sexual harassment, and an assault attempt on a teen girl’s account.

Profanity and hateful speech

It likely won’t surprise parents of kids and teens who play online multiplayer video games with chat and voice features that profanity is a common feature in VR games, too. 

In PIRG’s testing of the popular app Rec Room, for example, our researcher’s 10-year-old user with a junior account managed to stumble on bad language, despite the fact Rec Room automatically disables audio for junior accounts. Our fake 10-year-old happened to walk by a whiteboard where a player was repeatedly drawing genitalia and the phrase “s*** my d***”. 

Unfortunately, hateful speech continues to be an issue in VR multiplayer games as well. The same user at the whiteboard proceeded to write other racially motivated profanity, and someone had already drawn a swastika.

Bullying

In one of the Rec Room games our PIRG 10-year-old junior account tried, we experienced a bit of disorienting bullying. Inside the game Snipers vs. Runners in the Rec Room app, our junior account shook hands with another player, thus becoming friends and able to locate each other inside Rec Room instantly at any point that we were both logged on. After shaking hands, the other player began to slap the PIRG junior account player repeatedly, following when we tried to move away. The game began another round, separating us from the other player. The moment the round ended, however, all players were dumped back in the waiting room together, and the same player ran up and began slapping our junior account player again. This went on for three rounds before we’d had enough. 

We later had similar experiences inside the Rec Room games Breaking Point and The Fog is Coming.

Sexual harassment and assault

PIRG’s 10-year-old junior account player in his hour on Rec Room did not experience any sexual harassment or assault, thankfully. However, other researchers have documented this happening to teen accounts. 

The Center for Countering Digital Hate’s testing of Meta’s own social VR app Horizon Worlds documented minors receiving solicitations to send suggestive photos from adults. 

Researcher Rachel Franz at the children’s advocacy group Fairplay shared with PIRG her experience testing the app VRChat with a 14 year old girl’s account. “In one word: horrible,” she said. Playing on the young teen account, Franz was chased by another player who attempted to sexually assault her avatar.

Franz emphasized the physical realness of VR made the assault attempt a lot scarier. “Being pursued feels real,” Franz said. “And the psychological and psychological impact is real. Even after I took the headset off, my heart was racing. That moment has stayed with me.” 

Franz also said VRChat’s function for blocking another user from interacting with you was difficult to use in a stressful situation. “You have to click on a moving target while being chased and having profanities screamed at you,” she said. “In that moment, it was practically unusable – and I’m an adult with a fully developed sense of coordination” which younger players might not have yet.

Fairplay has forthcoming research next year on marketing practices in VR apps available for use with Meta’s Quest headsets.

Even young users may be able to interact with others inside of apps

As of this writing, Meta’s accounts for ages 10 – 12 don’t allow your child to use some of Meta Quest’s social features like accepting follow requests from other users. (It’s worth mentioning, however, that Meta emphasizes this is the case “at this time” and “for now” in its materials – so this may very well change in the future.)

Even now, however, parents may have to set app-specific parental controls. Meta explains that even if your child uses an account for a 10- to 12-year-old, third-party “[a]pps may have social features such as messaging, voice, photo sharing, video, and the ability to meet and interact with others in the same virtual space, that could allow your child to interact with people they may not know.”

In our test of the app Rec Room, for example, our fake 10-year-old user with both a junior Meta and a junior Rec Room account could make friends with other players without approval from a parent, and received in-game gifts from strangers – something which could make some parents uneasy. (It is nice, however, that Rec Room automatically stops its junior accounts from using voice or chat features.)

Our 10-year-old test account receives a gift from a stranger inside the game Rec Room.Photo by PIRG staff | TPIN

5. There’s lots of inappropriate content minors can access relatively easily, which is more concerning when combined with social interactions.

Every parent knows once a child or teen has a computer or smartphone that connects to the internet, there’s a lot of inappropriate content they can find. The fact it can happen in VR can be concerning when combined with the fact it often happens in social interactions with others, and happens in 3-D.

“Content that’s not developmentally appropriate can be very harmful,” said Dr. Bertin, the developmental pediatrician. “You can’t unsee things.”

Violent content feels more real and can be easily – and even accidentally – accessed by young users

Because the immersiveness of VR makes everything more intense, it may be a concern for parents where violence is involved. In an interview with CNN, one parent recounted that the violence in a fantasy game played by his 11-year-old son on his Quest headset felt uncomfortably real. The father knew, the story said, that when his son “looked down in VR he was seeing a weapon held in virtual hands, not just a plastic game controller.”

“It bothered me in a way it doesn’t on flat screens even, because they’re doing it with their hands in physical presence,” the parent told CNN.

PIRG’s testing also found that kids – even at age 10 – can access games with violence relatively easily. For example, while playing Rec Room – a game rated E for Everyone ages 10 and up in Meta’s app store – a PIRG researcher playing as a 10-year-old boy on a junior account was encouraged by the app to explore horror games and first-person shooters. Though these games took place in relatively cartoonish settings, playing in 3-D makes the experience feel more intense, especially for young players.

More notably, even cartoonish violent play can become disturbing when other people are involved. One Rec Room game recommended to our 10-year-old junior account was the multiplayer game Breaking Point. Shortly after opening the game, our researcher was ushered in to sit around a table in a darkened room with other real players to play Russian Roulette with players pointing guns at one another and choosing which player at the table to shoot.

Within moments, the player seated across from our junior account shot himself in the head, effectively killing his avatar and removing himself from the rest of the round.

The VR app Rec Room recommended our 10-year-old test account play Breaking Point, a game of Russian Roulette where players choose whom around the table to shoot.Photo by PIRG staff | TPIN

Our researcher chose Breaking Point to test because, of the games Rec Room was offering our test 10-year-old account, it was one that was not obviously a horror or first-person shooter game, like other options including Recoil Arena, Survive Mr. Beast and Vietnam Warzone.

Minors can access to graphic sexual content

Popular apps available for use on Quest headset can include sexually graphic content. 

A BBC News researcher using VRChat – a prominent app on Meta’s app store with a minimum age rating of 13 – posed as a 13-year-old girl and was able to access virtual strip clubs and explicit rooms where players simulated sex. The non-profit group Center for Countering Digital Hate found a similar problem with Horizon Worlds – Meta’s own social VR app – with minors present in sexually explicit places like virtual strip clubs, private rooms designed for simulating sexual acts, and bars offering sex toys for players to interact with.

Some of this is due to loopholes. Research and anecdotal evidence shows that there are lots of younger players using parents’ accounts or ones for those 18 and older, which makes it easy for players to access mature content. Some of this is also a failing of the current content labeling system.  

Importantly, the graphic sexual content in VRChat and Horizon Worlds involved interacting with other players, making it potentially dangerous.

Apps hosting player-made content make it more difficult for parents to vet for appropriateness

Some of the most popular apps available on the Meta Quest headsets are multiplayer worlds where anonymous users create their own games. Some of these apps are designed with young users in mind, such as Roblox. Others, however, are more likely to have possibly age inappropriate content, including Rec Room. Horizon Worlds caters to teens and adults while VRChat is for users 18+, and host sexually graphic content. 

After parents allow a child or teen to access one of these multiplayer worlds, helping moderate their experience becomes a much more involved process. For example, Rec Room’s Quest app store page boasts “MILLIONS of player-created rooms.” 

On Rec Room, parents can restrict access to rooms with “mature” content by having their child use the app’s junior account. However, each piece of content is created by other users, and these users are the ones responsible for setting age restrictions and putting content warnings (such as “gore/violence” or “mature themes”) on what they create. As our testing showed, there really is no guarantee that user-moderators will set permissions or content warnings that all parents would agree does an adequate job.

 6. Meta Quest headsets aren’t designed to fit kids

Quest headsets come in one size and aren’t designed for kids.

In a 2021 interview about the Quest 2 headset, Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg noted that VR poses some “some pretty fundamental physical challenges” for children. Headsets would need to be weighted and optically aligned for children before it “really makes sense for younger kids to be wearing [them] for an extended period of time,” said Zuckerberg. The Quest 2, he added, was designed for “not small kids, but at least people in their teens and adults.”

Earlier this year, however, Meta lowered the recommended age for Quest from 13 down to 10.

The new Quest 3 weighs just over 1 pound – a little heavier than the Quest 2. According to Meta, it may strain childrens’ neck and back. 

Meta’s own health and safety standards also raise the question of eyesight. “Younger children’s visual systems are still developing and may be negatively impacted by using virtual content,” it says. 

The Quest headsets include adjustable features to better fit each users’ eyes. However only so much can be adjusted to make it suitable for children. The distance between a child’s eyes (known as interpupillary distance, or IPD) may be too small for the headset’s lens adjustment range, which in turn increases the risk of blurry vision, eye strain, nausea or headaches.

Eye risks don’t go away for teens. Meta notes that Quest headset use may result in blurred or double vision and eye or muscle twitching for all users. A PIRG researcher testing the Quest 3 consistently experienced difficulty focusing her eyes for about an hour after each 20-minute session of headset use.

How to make VR more safe for your child or teen

VR headsets offer immersive entertainment that many may find engrossing and fun.

The experts we spoke to recommend you avoid allowing your child to have a Meta Quest VR headset – or any other headset brand – this holiday season. The technology is in its very early days and there’s a lot of research to be done proving VR is safe for developing brains.

If you’re thinking of getting a VR system for your home, here’s what questions to ask and steps to take to ensure a safer experience.

Before you bring it home:

• Try it out yourself. Use Meta’s search tool for stores such as Best Buy that have Quest headsets available for testing. Getting a sense of what immersive 3-D content feels like will help you decide whether your child can handle it. Try a game with a level of violence you’d be OK with your child playing on a 2-D screen, and see how it feels to you. Also consider taking your kid along to make sure the headset will actually fit well enough on your child they’ll be able to use it.

During set up:

• Let it sit out of the box for a bit before you use it right away. The plastic smell can be intense.
• If you have a 10- to 12-year-old, create their own junior account for them. These accounts have more restrictive settings and parental controls that will help keep your kid safer. Meta will require you to set up an adult account first, and then use a second email address to set up a junior account. It may seem like an annoying extra step, but it’s worth it for the safety features.
• If you’ve bought the headset for your teen, help them set up a Meta account that’s separate from your child’s existing Facebook or Instagram account. This will help limit strangers’ abilities to learn more about your teen or contact them outside of VR.
• Take advantage of the parental control features immediately. In the Meta Family Center, you’ll be able to set time limits, windows where the headset is off limits, restrictions on in-app purchases, and block your child or teen from downloading certain apps all together. For kids under 13 we suggest blocking Rec Room, and for all minors blocking Horizon Worlds and VRChat. These apps feature a lot of social interaction that can turn negative, and content that might not be developmentally appropriate and make you or your child or teen uncomfortable. 

During play:

• Make the physical space safe. We know this sounds totally obvious, but we found it is incredibly easy to wreak havoc on your surroundings. Our adult researchers managed to accidentally punch a TV and trip over a dog testing the Quest 3.
• Start small and take it slow. The experts we spoke to recommend having your child or teen start with short periods of use, introducing one app at a time, and testing each new app together first. 
• Do your research every time you add a new app. Look at the app’s listing in the Meta Quest app store and check 1) the age rating, 2) if it includes in-app purchases and 3) whether it has multiplayer interactions. You want to be particularly careful about apps where your child can interact with others. Then look at the reviews other users have left. Sometimes these will raise useful flags. Then look and see what parental controls the app offers. Can you shut off the microphone or chat features? Can you block your child for spending money inside the app without your approval? Finally, look at the app’s privacy policy. Is there anything there that gives you pause? Our guide to reading a privacy policy can help you identify red flags about apps that gather excessive data or keep it for long periods to use it for secondary purposes like advertising or training AI.  Unnecessary data collection and storage puts your child at higher risk of their information being exposed in a breach or a hack.
• Restrict headset use to shared spaces in your home. You might not be able to look over their shoulder as easily if they are playing on a desktop, but you can still get a sense of the experiences your child or teen is having if you can see and hear them.
• Take advantage of the ‘casting’ feature. Especially for younger users, make play something that happens together by casting what your kid is seeing in their headset to your TV or phone.
• Make sure your child is playing only when logged into their account – not yours. Both research and anecdotal evidence show that there are plenty of minors using an adult’s account with the Quest headset. It’s a lot easier to find or stumble on sexually graphic content this way, and to have voice and chat interactions with other players online in graphic spaces.

After play:

• Monitor your child’s mood after VR sessions. Do they seem more irritable or on edge? Amped up and having a hard time winding down? More withdrawn from their surroundings? Noticing changes in your child is important for making sure the experiences they’re having are appropriate, that the amount of time and time of day they’re using the headset isn’t immediately harmful, and will make conversations with them about their experiences more helpful.
• Check in on their virtual friends. Ask about the social interactions your teen is having on Quest and monitor for anything that makes you uneasy. Consider restricting your teen to only friending people on Quest that your teen already knows in the real world.