TexPIRG calls for an end to taxpayer subsidies for road privatization
TexPIRG Education Fund
AUSTIN–This letter regards proposed changes [outlined in Docket No. FHWA-2009-0123] to the Transportation Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act (TIFIA), a program of the United States Department of Transportation (U.S. DOT). We support the proposed adjustments and would further shift the weighting criteria for evaluating applications. We also support requirements to offset the subsidy cost of directly operating the program and the federal government’s costs associated with the issuance of this credit. However, we are concerned that allowing applicants to pre-pay for the federal government to mitigate or insure their financing risks may encourage and obscure excessive risk taking. The comments address these three issues in turn, with introductory remarks about the pervasive backlash to public-private toll road financings in Texas and concluding remarks about future process and transparency.
Road Privatization in Texas
The relentless push to build private toll roads has defined TxDOT’s actions and fueled public anger through most of the last decade. In 2002, Governor Rick Perry announced his plans to build a 4,000-mile swathe of highway, rail, and utility lines referred to as the now infamous Trans Texas Corridor (TTC). The TTC would have been funded using Comprehensive Development Agreements (CDAs) or Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). The plan to build the TTC ran into fierce public opposition and fiscal constraints. Thousands of Texans attended anti-TTC rallies and meetings across the state and continue to voice strong opposition to private toll roads today. Texans worry about the potential government seizure of farmland, the prospect of foreign ownership of state roads, rising tolls and the loss of public control when road policies are dictated by contracts with private investors.
Weighting of selection criteria for TIFIA financing applications
Comments on the three eligibility criteria with the greatest proposed weight are listed below in the order that they are listed in the docket
First, we applaud the inclusion of livability issues as part of the criterion for establishing which applications qualify as projects of national or regional significance. These important considerations as they have been outlined by U.S. DOT communications over the past year recognize the vital connections between transportation policy, safety, housing, and future growth patterns and infrastructure costs. These are major areas of policy innovation and are important considerations, for instance, in emergent models of private participation in high speed rail. Likewise, forward looking developers are interested in various ways of financing future public transportation expansion through “value capture” mechanisms that leverage the future increases in property values proximate to new public transportation routes. We recommend even greater weight be placed on this criterion.
Second, we question the continuing top-tier weight placed on attracting private financing. The TIFIA program is meant to encourage innovative financing in order to advance transportation goals. To the degree that private investment can advance the public interest in ways that are unavailable under traditional financing, these benefits should be incorporated within other selection criteria. There is, however, no justification for creating an institutionalized program bias toward greater private financing. This is especially true when private participation entails higher costs of capital. Indeed, it is clear that, without subsidies, the debt and equity costs of private capital will tend to be higher than traditional financing. Testimony given by the Government Accountability Office regarding toll roads has concluded that “there is no ‘free’ money in public-private partnerships and it is likely that tolls on a privately operated highway will increase to a greater extent than they would on a publicly operated toll road (GAO-08-44). We recommend that this criterion be amended to apply only to the degree of innovation or that it be eliminated altogether.
Finally, we applaud the inclusion of environmental sustainability as a criterion. It is commendable that the proposed regulation recognizes the need to better maintain transportation assets in a state of good repair and to better consider future life-cycle costs. The new criteria also create an institutional recognition of the fact that: transportation is responsible for the large majority of our nation’s dependence on oil and is a major contributor to emissions of global warming. For these reasons, we support an increase of the weight of this selection criterion and recommend against reducing its weight.
Introduction of user fees to offset the cost of operating the TIFIA program
We support the introduction of fees to offset subsidy costs. The chief argument for private participation in transportation infrastructure financing is to save money. Following that logic, private financing should not require subsidies of any kind. The U.S. Department of Transportation is therefore completely justified in identifying these uncompensated subsidies as counter to the intent of the program. Applicant fees should be introduced and maintained as an ongoing feature of TIFIA regardless of whether available TIFIA credit requests exceed available resources.
Likewise, it makes sense for applicants to cover the full costs currently subsidized by the Department of Transportation for covering reserve requirements, lines of credit and measures taken to reduce the risk of private investors. Investors are accustomed to paying substantial fees to private banks or other investment vehicles for covering these kinds of costs. If there is private intervention in a transaction that affects public infrastructure, than the private investors should have to pay the same taxes and fees they would otherwise pay in a more traditional transaction, especially as these types of transactions become more prevalent and common across the nation and across the state of Texas.
Likewise, it makes sense for applicants to cover the full costs currently subsidized by the Department of Transportation for covering reserve requirements, lines of credit and measures taken to reduce the risk of private investors. Investors are accustomed to paying substantial fees to private banks or other investment vehicles for covering these kinds of costs. We note that a common justification for public private partnerships is that they will shift the burden of risk off the public. It is counter to this goal, therefore, to introduce measures that reassure private investors by placing greater risk on the public – such as to delay the date at which TIFIA funds need be repaid in case of default or to make TIFIA debt less senior than the debt or equity of private investors. If American taxpayers are to be saddled with these kinds of potential costly risks, they should be well compensated.
Public private partnerships entail, as the text of the docket states, complex financial structures and extended negotiations. The proposed structure of the new rules would properly addresses the subsidy issue by creating user fees that would be proportional to the level of the subsidy. Given the complex nature of public-private partnerships and the need for highly skilled analyses of financial and legal questions related to individual applications, we expect that proper administration of the TIFIA program will require a substantial budget. It would serve the public poorly if U.S. DOT staff felt that they were unable to fully analyze or robustly negotiate future arrangements. Recent studies by the Government Accountability Office show that government entities lack adequate capacity to research, negotiate, monitor and enforce public-private partnership agreements (GAO-08-44 ). The creation of this critical pilot program will be a step toward addressing that lack of capacity, and the cost of it should be offset by the newly proposed user fees that we strongly support and encourage the Department to adopt. The cost of this pilot program should not be shifted to the taxpayer.
Another benefit of introducing user fees will be to diversify the TIFIA program’s own revenue sources. Congress has been unable to agree on fiscally sustainable funding structures for transportation. Federal transportation programs have more recently depended on temporary extenders financed by the General Fund in order to sustain operations. Given such uncertainty, the user fees will offset the risk of budgetary shortfalls that could create lapses in the U.S. DOT’s monitoring and enforcement of its TIFIA agreements.
We understand the rationale for setting these fees based on historical costs of administering the program. However, we hope that historically-based funding levels would not lock in potential shortcomings that resulted from the U. S. DOT’s past inability to monitor and enforce these arrangements. Ideally, the fees should cover the cost of resources to properly administer this program in the future, not merely the costs that have been incurred in the past. We make this point as a general comment rather than one that is based on an evaluation of the adequacy of the program’s available resources in the past.
Finally, we hope that these fees will only be used to cover the costs of administering, monitoring, and enforcing the program rather than diverted into other TIFIA-related activities. In the past, the office has engaged in substantial outreach to investors and promoted a particular template of “model legislation” in state legislation for public- private partnerships. We hope that funds from future TIFIA user fees will not be used for such activities.
Concerns over pre-payment of fees to cover risks
We are concerned about potential unintended consequences that could result from allowing applicants to pre-pay the TIFIA program upfront for the cost of financial risks. It is not yet clear how this proposed feature would operate, how applicants would pay based on historical risks, and how applicants’ fees would be adjusted according to the risk of their project. Unless fee structures are arranged to penalize applicants that submit riskier proposals, then government-provided backstops against risk will encourage applicants to assume greater risks. Risks will be disregarded when they are borne by somebody else. This is the well-known tendency toward “moral hazard” as it is called by economists.
Recent financial troubles at the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC) and The Federal National Mortgage Association (FNMA) demonstrate these potential problems. Both Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae, as they are commonly called, sought to leverage greater private sector investment for the housing market. Their participation in innovative financing and their creation of financial instruments were widely seen as providing unwarranted assurance to other investors that the mortgages they helped finance were financially safe. Similar troubles could arise if applicants with excessively risky financing arrangements were able to pay up-front for risk protection and a seal of financial backing from TIFIA.
We point out moreover, that this is a problem compounded by basing the fees on historical costs. If risks have been low in the past, but the new program encourages higher risks, then the elevated risk will not be reflected in fees meant to offset the full costs of subsidies.
Concluding remarks
Lastly, we observe that the docket notice does not outline a process for follow-up evaluation of the program before a potential decision might occur to extend the changes. We believe that there should be such a follow-up comment period and that particular consideration should be given to the potential problem of encouraging excessively risky financing.
Likewise, we hope that the TIFIA program will follow the unprecedented strides that the administration has taken in other programs toward enhanced transparency. Applications for TIFIA funds should be public record and promptly posted on the U.S. DOT website. Information about applicants’ and their affiliates’ campaign contributions and lobbying activities should be posted as links from the application. “Innovative” finance is, by its nature, inherently outside of more established norms and procedures. For this reason, innovative finance programs should be held to the highest standards of transparency and public scrutiny.